Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 113 118 Davood Sobhani Rad Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Pragmatics is defined as appropriate use of language either to comprehend ideas or to interact in social situations effectively. Pragmatic competence, which is processed in the right hemisphere, comprises a number of interrelated skills that manifest in a range of adaptive behaviors. Due to the widespread influence of language in communication, studying pragmatic profiles, by developing appropriate tools, is of importance. Here, a range of pragmatic theories and assessment instruments available for use in adult patients is reviewed. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/610 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/610/192

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 119 126 Mohaddeseh Behjati Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center AND Heart Failure Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Masoud Etemadifar Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Morteza Abdar Esfahani Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 10 14 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic auto-immune disease. Most therapeutic strategies for treatment of this disease direct immune modulation and control of inflammatory processes. First-line therapeutic agents showed moderate efficacy and frequent side-effects with moderate efficacy in trials. Their parental administration and limited long-term adherence restrict their efficacy compared with second-line therapies. Fingolimod as a second-line therapeutic agent has been shown to reduce annualized relapse rate, risk of disability progression and inflammatory activity of relapsing MS. Safety and efficacy FTY720: Safety and efficacy issues are the main metrics for judgment of drug efficacy. In this article, we focus on cardiovascular effects of FTY720 treatment. Effect of FTY720 on rate and rhythm, impact of FTY720 on endothelial cells, its atheroprotective effects, its effects on cardiac transplantation outcomes, vascular complications of FTY720, effects of FTY720 on endocrine functions and interaction of FTY720 with cardioactive agents are explained in this review article. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/609 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/609/193

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 127 130 Ali Noureddine Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Kavian Ghandehari Department of Neurology, Neuro cognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Shakeri Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Previous literatures have shown a transient ischemic attack  (TIA) mimic rate  of 9-31%. We aimed  to ascertain the proportion of stroke mimics amongst suspected TIA patients. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed in   Ghaem   Hospital,   Mashhad,   Iran   during   2012-2013. Consecutive TIA patients  were identified in a stroke center. The  initial diagnosis  of TIA  was made  by the  resident  of neurology and final diagnosis of true TIA versus TIA mimics was made after 3 months follow-up by stroke subspecialist. Results: A total of 310 patients  were assessed  during a 3- month period of which 182 (58.7%) subjects were male and 128 (41.3%) were female. Ten percent  of the patients  was categorized  as a TIA mimic. The presence  of hypertension, aphasia, duration of symptoms, and increased age was the strongest predictor  of a true  TIA. Migraine was the  most common etiology of stroke mimic in our study. Conclusion:  It  seems  that  many  signs  and  symptoms have low diagno tic  usefulness for discrimination of true TIA from non-cerebrovascular events and predictive usefulness of any sign or symptom should be interpreted by a stroke neurologist. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/608 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/608/194

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 131 137 Seyed-Ali Javad Mousavi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Babak Zamani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahab Shahabi Shahmiri Department of Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Rohani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholam Ali Shahidi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Elyas Mostafapour Department of Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Helia Hemasian Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Hanieh Raji Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: The rapidity of progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to death or respiratory failure impacts patients, clinicians, and clinical investigators. The aim of this study is to evaluate of the pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in patients with ALS and the association between these PFTs and survival Methods: A total of 36 ALS patients who PFTs, including vital capacity (VC), maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMEFR), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), were available from the time of diagnosis were included in this study. Nonpulmonary characteristics assessed at the time of PFTs. Data were analyzed using chi-square, Student’s independent t-test, Kaplan-Meier, correlation, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The mean age of subjects was 55.36 (SD = 12.24) year, and the male to female ratio was 2.6. Twenty-Cve (69.4%) were died in 5 years period of our study. The mean and median survival time (In months) was calculated as 42.51 (95% co Cdence interval [CI] 33.64- 51.39) and 38 (95% CI 27.23-48.77) months, respectively. The rate of ALS survival was 74% at 1st year, 41% at 3rd year and 10% at 5th year of starting symptoms. The results of Kaplan-Meier test showed survival was significantly longer in the group with PFTs closer to normal. In addition, ROC analysis showed that FVC < 50% could potentially be a predictor of death in ALS patients (P = 0.003, area under curve = 0.649). Conclusion: We found single measures of upright FVC, FEV1 to be significantly associated with survival, even after controlling for relevant non-pulmonary patient characteristics. Our study demonstrated that upright FVC, FEV1, VC, and MMEFR are useful non-invasive measures in the prediction of survival in ALS. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/607 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/607/195

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 138 143 Samira Yadegari Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahriar Nafissi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Neda Kazemi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Incidence and predominant subtype  of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) differs geographically. Electrophysiology has an important  role in early diagnosis and  prediction  of prognosis. This study  is conducted to determine the frequent  subtype  of GBS in a large group of patients  in Iran and compare  nerve conduction studies in axonal and demyelinating forms of GBS. Methods:   We  retrospectively   evaluated   the   medical records and electrodiagnostic study (EDS) of 121 GBS patients  who  were  managed in our  hospital  during  11 years. After regarding  the exclusion criteria, patients classified as three groups: acute inflammatory demyelinating    polyneuropathy   (AIDP),   acute    motor axonal  neuropathy  (AMAN),  and  acute   motor  sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). The most frequent  subtype and then electrophysiological  characteristic based on the time  of EDS  and  their  cerebrospinal  fluid (CSF)  profile were assessed. Results: Among 70 patients  :nally included in the study, 67% w re  men. About  63%, 23%, and  14% had  AIDP, AMAN,  and  AMSAN, respectively.AIDP  patients represented a wider range  of ages compared  with other groups.  Higher  levels  of  CSF protein,  abnormal   late responses  and sural sparing were more frequent  in AIDP subtype. Five AMSAN patients  also revealed sural sparing. Conduction   block  (CB)   was  observed   in  one   AMAN patient. Prolonged  F-wave latency was observed  only in AIDP cases. CB and inexcitable sensory nerves were more frequent  after 2 weeks, but  reduced  F-wave persistency was more prominent in the early phase. Conclusion: AIDP was the most frequent  subtype. Although  the  electrophysiology  and  CSF are  important diagnostic tools, classification should not be made based on a distinct finding. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/606 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/606/196

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 144 148 Hanieh Moshayedi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Reza Ahrabi Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Afshin Mardani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Saieed Sadigetegad Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran. Mehdi Farhudi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Neurosciences Research Center, Student Research Committee, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Some studies  in recent  years showed  that carotid  intima-media   thickness  (IMT),  indicator  of  the presence  of atherosclerosis,  was higher  in non-alcoholic fatty  liver disease  (NAFLD)  in comparison  with  normal subjects.  They concluded  that  NAFLD  patients  may  be resulted  in more cardiovascular events. Hence, we aimed to study the association of NAFLD and ischemic stroke. Methods: For this reason, 110 brain magnetic  resonance imaging   confirmed   ischemic  stroke   patients   and   110 patients  age and sex matched  controls went through  liver ultrasound    to   detect    NAFLD    and    common    carotid ultrasound  to measure IMT. Demographic and vascular risk factors were detailed for all subjects. Results: NAFLD was found in 47 (42.7%) of ischemic stroke patients  and 25 (22.7%) of controls. By adjusting  sex and age  in table  2, odds  ratio (OR) for NAFLD was 2.15 (95% con<dence  interval [CI]: 1.25-3.71) that was statistically significant (P = 0.006). However, after adjusting  for other confounding  risk factors  (waist  circumference, hypertension, diabetes  mellitus, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine, body mass index, cigarette smoking, and ischemic heart disease), the OR decrease  to 1.68 (95% CI: 0.42-6.76) that was not statistically signi<cant (P = 0.460). The OR for IMT of right and left common carotid was 1.23 (95% CI: 0.48-3.15) and  1.24 (95% CI: 0.57-2.69), respectively that none of them were statistically significant. Conclusion: Although  the  risk of occurrence  of ischemic stroke is higher in NAFLD patients, but NAFLD is not associated independently with ischemic stroke. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/605 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/605/197

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 149 153 Behnaz Sedighi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Abbas Pardakhty Department of Pharmacology ,School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Hoda Kamali Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Kaveh Shafiee Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Bahar Naz Hasani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Cognitive  impairment  is one of the  most crucial disorders  among  multiple  sclerosis (MS) patients. Since  MS  is  an inflammatory disease   and   Boswellia papyrifera has anti-inflammatory effects, the influence of B. papyrifera  on  cognitive  impairment   in  MS patients   has been investigated  in the present study. Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 MS patients  who referred to the clinic of Shafa Hospital, Kerman, Iran were selected. Having completed a written  consent  form, patients  with relapsing remitting MS, with no occurrence of a new attack throughout 1 month  before the study, with no pregnancy or breastfeeding entered the study. The patients  were randomly divided into two groups; then Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) test was carried out. One group received B. papyrifera (capsule 300 mg, twice a day) while the other group received placebo with the same dose  for 2 months. After 2 months  of treatment, BICAMS was redone  and  changes  were  analyze .The significant change value on the before-after BICAMS points were considered  to be 8, 13, and 7 points for the symbol digit modality  test (SDMT),  the  California verbal  learning  test (CVLT),  and  the  brief visual-spatial  memory  test  revised (BVMT-R), respectively. Results:  The  patients’  mean  age  was 36.58     8.50  years. The mean duration of disease was 7.41    4.13 years. About 84.2% (n = 64) of the patients  was female. In the BVMT-R, 13 patients  (34.2%), who had  already taken  B. papyrifera, were shown to have significant improvement compared  to the  placebo  group  with  no  improvement  (P <  0.  001). About  12 and  8 patients  in the  treatment and  placebo groups in the SDMT, respectively (P = 0.200) and 17 and 12 patients  in the treatment and placebo groups in the CVLT, respectively (P = 0.170) had signi@cant change values. Conclusion: B. papyrifera showed significant improvement in  visuospatial  memory,  but   had   no  effect  on  verbal memory and information processing speed. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/604 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/604/198

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 154 159 Aliasghar Molana Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Mehrpour Department of Neurology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nasim Vousooghi Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine AND Genetics Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahmoud Reza Hajighasem Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine AND Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Joghataei Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Migraine is a chronic  neurological  disorder, characterized  by recurrent  moderate to severe headaches. Worldwide migraine a=ects nearly 15%. Studies suggest that genes involved in the production of nitric oxide (NO) may act as genetic  factors for migraine. NO synthase  3 (NOS3) by expressing  enzyme NOS regulates  endothelial  derived NO. One  class of  medications   used  as  first-line treatment in migraine prophylaxis is tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). The aim of this study  was to determine  e=ects  of NOS3 gene Glu298Asp polymorphism  in  the  production  of  NO and response of patients to TCAs in migraine attacks. Methods: A total of 80 migraine patients  were invited to participate   in  the  study.  Patients  recorded   the characteristics of their migraine attacks such as frequency of attacks and intensity of headaches for the 1st  month  of the study. Then peripheral blood samples were taken from all subjects in order to determine patients’ genotype distribution,  mRNA  expression  level  of  NOS3 and   NO content  of plasma. Patients were then instructed  to use 25 mg nortriptyline at night before bed for 3 months. At the end of 3rd  month of the treatment patients  again recorded the  migraine characteristics  for  1  month   and   blood sampling was performed  in order to determine the level of plasma NO. Results: The patients’ genotype distribution  for TT,  GT, and GG was 9, 24, and 47 subjects, respectively. Mean NO level in patients  with TT genotype was less in comparison to GT and GG genotypes before and after use of TCAs (P < 0.05). Mean  intensity  of headaches in patients  with  TT genotype  was  lower  in  comparison   to   GT   and   GG genotypes before and after use of TCAs (based on verbal numerical   rating   scale).  Mean  frequency   of  migraine attacks after use of TCAs was significantly decreased in all genotypes of NOS3 Glu298Asp polymorphism particularly in TT genotype (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Presence of T allele of the Glu298Asp polymorphism may be a factor for TT genotype patients to produce less NO and is a favorable factor for better response to TCAs in reducing  migraine  attacks in comparison to GT and GG genotypes. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/603 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/603/199

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 160 167 Roya Abolfazli Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azam Elyasi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Javadi Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Kheirollah Gholami Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hassan Torkamandi Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Amir-Shahkarami Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Masoud Etemadifar Department of Neurology, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Zahra Nasr Department of Medicine, Medical Students' Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background:  Multiple  sclerosis  (MS) patients permanently confronted  with serious challenges from treatment regimen. Developing  a new  questionnaire in MS management, through  evaluation  of patients’ perspectives   and  knowledge   regarding   treatment  will help  to  identify the  sources  of tension, and  to  build  a therapeutic   alliance.   We   purposed   to   describe    MS patients’ understanding of their treatments. Methods: About 425 completed and returned questionnaire were assessed  of a total of 500 recruited  MS patients. The knowledge   of  correct  using  interferon-beta  (IFN-β)  and attitude   toward  medical  care  were  assessed   using  self- reported questionnaires consisted of 25 items with validity of multidisciplinary panel and pre-testing on 20 patients. Results:  Knowledge  about  IFN-β  therapy  was  very low; however, attitude  was at a high level. Female patients, self- injection ability, higher educational level, normal functional status, delay from the start of diagnostic workup to definite diagnosis, and being younger were related to a higher level of  knowledge.  Attitude  was  associated   with  functional status,  family  history  of  disease   and   the   summary  of knowledge variable. Conclusion: Developing educational  interventions  are needed for MS patients  regarding  to  their  low levels of knowledge. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/602 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/602/200

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 168 171 Mahshid Hosseini Behbahani Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Hamid Galehdari Departmanet of Genetic, School of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. Maryam Mohaghegh Departmanet of Genetic, School of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background:  Multiple  sclerosis  (MS) is a  chronic inflammatory  demyelinating  and  neurodegenerative disease  of central  nervous  system  with unknown  causes. Etiology of MS involves  both  genetic  and  environment factors.  The  interleukin  7   receptor   (IL7R)   gene   is  a promising candidate  for MS, because its involvement in the autoimmunity, regulation of the T-cell homeostasis, proliferation, and anti-apoptotic signaling. Methods: We investigated  the association of the IL7R gene polymorphism  rs6897932  in MS patients   in a  case  and control study. In this case and control study participating, 127  relapsing-remitting  MS (RRMS)  patients   (mean  age: 32.25, age range: 16-57) selected  according McDonald criteria, and 109 ethnically, sex and age matched  healthy control   (mean  age:  27.44,  age   range:  14-63)  with  no personal  or family history of autoimmune diseases  were studied. DNA was extracted  from whole blood using high pure  polymerase  chain reaction  template preparatio  kit from  Roch  Company.  Amplification refractory  mutation system method was applied to define the genotyping C/T within exon 6 of the IL7R gene among individuals. Results: Evaluation   of  the   IL7R   gene   polymorphism revealed  that  the  T allele and the  C/T and T/T genotypes are present  in 53.5%, 42.5%, 4.0%, and 68.8%, 26.6%, 4.6% in  MS patients   and   controls,  respectively.  Comparison between alleles and  genotypes in the  MS patients  and healthy controls show significant differences (P = 0.038). Conclusion: The distribution of  the rs6897932 polymorphism  is significantly different in our case/control study  in Khuzestan   Province.  This  single  nucleotide polymorphism  causes alternative  splicing in exon 6 of the IL7R gene with possible influence of the autoimmunity. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/601 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/601/201

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 172 176 Samia Younes Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Yousra Cherif Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Mouna Aissi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Wafa Alaya Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Olfa Berriche Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Amel Boughammoura Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Mahbouba Frih-Ayed Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Baha Zantour Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. Mohamed Habib Sfar Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Monastir, Al Munastîr, Tunisia. 2015 10 14 Background: Non-ketotic hyperglycemia (NKHG) may increase the probability of seizures and movement disorders. Methods: We describe  a series of 14 elders admitted for seizures and movement disorders linked to NKHG. Results: Twelve  patients  developed motor  seizures  and two others movement disorders. Glucose levels varied 9.28 to 32 mmol/l, while osmolarity values varied from 302.28 to 328  mosmol/l. All patients  responded  well  to  insulin therapy and four of them needed anti-epileptic drugs. Conclusion:  Seizures or  movement disorders  in elderly with   NKHG could be  misdiagnosed as neurological diseases. Blood  glucose must  be audited  whenever patients with seizures   or   movement disorders  are encountered, as the condition  may quickly resolve when NKHG is controlled. Introduction: Seizures and movement disorders related to non- ketotic hyperglycemia (NKHG) have been reported with increasing frequency since the first case documented in 1965.1,2 The clinical spectr m of this syndrome is various with a severe course in elderly. It develops more  quickly   than other disorders of diabetes  mellitus  with  hyperglycemia,  but  usually without  evidence  of  ketosis.2,3 Since  the  syndrome often ensues during the course of any illness and yet has  not  been  reported  in  diverse  medical  fields, doctors must become familiar with this preventable condition, especially in elders. Thus, only the prompt institution of appropriate  insulin  therapy  will improve prognosis and hasten recovery.2,3 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/600 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/600/202

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 177 180 Anahid Safari Clinical Neurology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Esmail Jafari Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Corneal Disease, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Afshin Borhani-Haghighi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine AND Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Morning glory syndrome (MGS) is a rare congenital optic disc anomaly characterized by a funnel-shaped, excavated optic disc surrounded by chorioretinal pigmentary disturbance. The main ophthalomoscopic feature of the MGS is enlarged optic disc with a funnel shaped scleral defect; elevated peripapillary chorioretinal pigmentation; and pale fluffy tissue of glial hyperplasia overlying the optic disc. Although most of the reported cases were isolated ocular abnormality, but it may occurs in association with other ophthalmic abnormalities such as cyst of the optic nerve atrophy, congenital cataract, microophthalmos, and aniridia. Craniofacial deformities such as cleft lip and palate, hypertelorism, dysplatic ears; renal abnormalities; and cardiac defects have also been reported with MGS. Herein, we present a case of MGS associated with multiple sclerosis - a rather unusual concurrence. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/599 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/599/203

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 181 184 Alireza Khoshnevisan Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Askar Ghorbani Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Narges Sistany Allahabadi Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Farshid Farzaneh Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sina Abdollahzadeh Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sepehr Soleymani Student of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Vahidreza Ostovan Department of Neurology, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Central nervous system infection is a rare complication of endovascular procedures. We report a 21-year-old woman presented with headache, nausea, vomiting, and right-sided hemiparesis 4 months after endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Investigations led to the diagnosis of multiple brain abscesses. This is the sixth case report of brain abscess following endovascular interventions. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/598 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/598/204

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 185 187 Mohammad Taher Rajabi Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Ziaeddin Tabatabaie Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Bagher Rajabi Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Yalda Abrishami Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyedeh Simindokht Hosseini Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. James Oestreicher Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/597 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/597/205

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 188 190 Anahita Sadeghi Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Behrouz Navabakhsh Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Leila Aghaghazvini Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/596 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/596/206

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 191 192 Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/595 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/595/207

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 3 2014 09 15 193 194 Mehdi Farhoudi Neuroscience Research center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Kaveh Mehrvar Neuroscience Research center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Hadiseh Kavandi Neuroscience Research center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Arash Aslanabadi Neuroscience Research center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/594 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/594/208