Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 1 6 Asghar Amini Harandi Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. Ali Amini Harandi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Pakdaman Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraian MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease and also is one of the most common disabling neurological disorders in young and middle-aged adults. The main pathogenesis of MS has long been thought to be an immune mediated disorder of the central nervous system. The function of the immune system is under the influence of vitamin D which as a modulator of immune response could play a role in autoimmune diseases including MS. Deficiency of vitamin D or variations in DNA sequence (polymorphism) of vitamin D receptor gene diminishes its optimal function on immune system that consequently could lead to increasing risk of MS. However, its role in development and modulating the course of MS is still under investigation. In this review we aimed to discuss the role of vitamin D in body, immune system and consequently altering the risk of MS. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/632 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/632/170

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 7 12 Aliakbar Taheraghdam Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Peyman Pourkhanjar Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Mahnaz Talebi Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Mohammadreza Bonyadi Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Ali Pashapour Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Ehsan Sharifipour Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, Iran. Reza Rikhtegar Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Due to underlying autoimmune background of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), the possible role of infectious agents cytomegalovirus  (CMV) and  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and also due to association  of anti-ganglioside antibodies with GBS, the present study aimed to investigate the  associations   between serum anti-ganglioside antibodies (AGA) level,  type  of  infection  and electrodiagnostic (ED) findings with the severity and three- month functional outcome  of patients with GBS. Methods: In a prospective study, 30 patients with GBS were selected  and before starting the treatment, baseline serum samples of patients were obtained for measuring the serum AGA including  the  antibodies  against  GQ1b, GT1b, GD1a, GD1b, GM1, GM2, GM3 and strains of CMV and EBV. All the patients  were  precisely examined  for ED findings. Functional   status   of  patients on  admission and three months  after admission were recorded  according to the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Results: The  results of patients' serum  assessment revealed that CMV IgM was positive in one patient (3.3%), CMV IgG in 29 patients  (96.7%) and EBV IgG in 27 patients (90%). Anti-GM1 was found in 3 patients  (10%) and anti- GM3 was found only in one patient  (3.3%). However, no statistical significant association  was found  between the AGA and strain of the disease and ED findings. Conclusion: Despite the coexistence  of AGA and serum antibodies  against  CMV and  EBV in some GBS patients, there  was not clear association  in this regard. However, the  AGA was  positive  in  patients   who  suffered  from severe phase of the disease. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/631 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/631/171

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 13 18 Mohammad Hossein Harirchian Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraian Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Sina MS Center, Tehran, Iran. Amir Hosseinkhani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran, Iran. Nasibeh Amirzargar Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable neurological disease leading to severe disability in young adults.  The  majority of MS patients  use  complementary and     alternative medicine  (CAM)  as adjunct  to conventional  therapies.  This study  aimed  to  investigate the prevalence  of CAM utilization among  Iranian patients with MS and their attitude  toward the CAM usage. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 definite MS patients referred to Tehran’s Imam Khomeini and Sina hospitals. A questionnaire was used to examine the association between   participants’  health-related factors and usage  of CAMs interventions.P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the enrolled patients, 60% of the participants agreed with using CAM, 42% experienced  the usage of these treatments; out of whom 41% believed its efficiency and  18% reported exacerbation of symptoms. The mean  duration of disease diagnosis  and  mean  time from symptom onset  were both longer in users of CAM (P = 0.001). Most socio-demographic factors had no significant effect on the type of used CAM. However, Yoga was  significantly  more applied  in those with higher degree of education  (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Regarding the widespread use of CAM by Iranian patients with MS, further researches  about  the safety  and  efficacy of  each  treatment  on  the  special outcomes  is recommended. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/630 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/630/172

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 19 27 Zahra Alizadeh Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Masoud Fereidoni Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Morteza Behnam-Rassouli Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Shirin Hosseini Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Usual dosage  of morphine  (10 mg/kg) induces  analgesia  and ultra-low dose (ULD) of morphine (1 μg/kg); hyperalgesia, and  C-fibers are also bearing  μ- opioid receptors; here the importance  of C-fibers on pain and  morphine   induced  analgesia/hyperalgesia  is questioned   and  investigated    using   pain   evaluation methods and infant capsaicin treating  for C-fibers lesioning. Methods: Wistar   male   rats   (200-250   grams)   were assigned  to three  categories  i.e. control, sham (receiving neonatal    capsaicin vehicle) and  c-lesion   (receiving neonatal  capsaicin), each one  with three  groups  (n = 7). They were injected intraperitoneally with single dosage of saline, 10 mg/kg or 1 μg/kg morphine, respectively. Thermal pain threshold  was evaluated  using the tail flick test before and 30 minutes  after the injections. Chemical pain was assessed using the formalin test (FT) 30 minutes after the administrations. Results: Results:  indicated  that  thermal  (P < 0.001) and chemical  pains  in  both neurogenic and inflammatory phases  of FT (P < 0.05) were reduced  in C-lesion animals. In the C-normal and C-lesion animals, 10 mg/kg morphine exerted analgesia  both  in thermal  (P < 0.001) and  two phases of FT (P < 0.01), but it was more potent in C-lesion animals (P < 0.05). Although ULD of morphine in C-normal animals  produced  hyperalgesic effect in thermal and chemical pains (P < 0.001), in C-lesion animals, it produced analgesia (P < 0.05) at the neurogenic phase of FT. Conclusion: Results can raise the C-fibers involvement for a significant portion of nociceptive transmission, because C-lesioning potentiated morphine  induced analgesia and eliminated ULD of morphine induced hyperalgesia.Therefore C and  Aδ fibers can be  involved in morphine analgesia; while, just C-fibers are possibly responsible  for only presynaptically hyperalgesic/excitatory action of ULD in morphine. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/629 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/629/173

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 28 32 Sama Bitarafan Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Hossein Harirchian Department of Neurology AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shahriar Nafissi Department of Neurology AND Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad-Ali Sahraian Department of Neurology, Sina MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansoureh Togha Department of Neurology, Sina MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fereydoun Siassi Department of Community Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ahmad Saedisomeolia Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Elham Alipour Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nakisa Mohammadpour Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Chamary Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Niyaz Mohammadzadeh Honarvar Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Ali-Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background:  The  role of nutrition  in the  progression  of multiple  sclerosis (MS) and  related  complications  such  as fatigue  has been  reported by several studies.  The  aim of this  study  is the  assessment of nutritional  status  and  its relationship with fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients. Methods:  This  is  a  cross-sectional study, in which  101 relapsing-remitting MS patients  were enrolled.The fatigue status  was determined using the validated  Persian version of the  Modified  Fatigue Impact  Scale (MFIS). Dietary intake was assessed using  a  3-day  food  record questionnaire  and  compared  to  dietary  reference  intake (DRI)  values.  Association  between variables  was determined using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results:  In  the  preset  study,  25  men  and  76  women (total  =  101)  were  enrolled.  Analysis of  dietary  intake showed  that daily intake of vitamin D, folate, calcium, and magnesium  were  significantly  lower  than  DRI  in  all  of patients.  In  men,  zinc intake  was significantly lower than DRI;  while, in women, iron was significantly below  the DRI level. After adjusting for energy, MFIS and its physical subscale were highly correlated with intake of folate and magnesium. Conclusion: Our findings support that lower magnesium and folate diets are correlated with higher fatigue scores in MS patients. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/628 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/628/174

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 33 39 Ahmad Daneshi Department and Research Center of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hazrat-e-Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Hesam Jahandideh Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Behzad Pousti Department and Research Center of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Shabahang Mohammadi Department and Research Center of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Ménière’s disease  has been  remained  as a difficult therapeutic  challenge. The  present  study aimed to   determine    the effects of  one-shot low-dosage intratympanic   gentamicin   on  vertigo control, auditory outcomes  and  findings of computerized  dynamic posturography  and   vestibular  evoked  myogenic potentials in patients with unilateral Ménière’s disease. Methods: In a prospective  clinical study, 30 patients  with unilateral  Ménière’s  disease  were  treated  with one-shot intratympanic injection of 20 milligrams gentamicin. Main outcome     measures  included clinical,  audiometric, postural   and  vestibular  outcomes evaluated 1 and  9 months after the treatment. Results:  Mean  vertigo  attacks  frequency,  pure   tone average  threshold  and functional level scale significantly decreased after the treatment (P < 0.05). Effective vertigo control (class A and B) obtained in 95.8% of the patients. In total, 75% of patients  reported decrease  in both  aural fullness and  tinnitus.    Vestibular  evoked myogenic potentials  became  absent  in all the  patients  but  four of them. Posturographic scores were improved after the treatment. Conclusion: One-shot  low-dosage  gentamicin  was effective   in   controlling vertigo attacks  in Ménière’s disease  and  has  useful  effects on  aural  fullness and tinnitus  of patients  as well. Postural and  vestibular tests only have adjunctive role for monitoring  therapeutic responses in intratympanic gentamicin-therapy. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/627 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/627/175

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 40 44 Zeinab Peimani Student Research Comittee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mohammad Amin Banihashemi Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Niloofar Namazi Student Research Comittee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Anahid Safari Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon Branch, Kazeroon, Iran. Ahmad Monabati Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Mehra Mojallal Department of Pathology, Dena Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Afshin Borhani-Haghighi Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background:  Myasthenia  gravis (MG) is an  autoimmune disorder   characterized   by  weakness   and   fatigability  of skeletal muscles. The aim of this study was to determine if pathological characteristics in non-thymomatous patients of MG would correlate with prognosis in a three year follow up. Methods:  Patients  who  had  had  their  thymectomy   at least  three  years prior to  the  study  were  selected  from three  hospitals  and were followed for 3 years. Prognosis was assessed  via a devised  prognostic  scoring system. A pathological  exam of the specimen  from the thymus was done  using the following immunohistochemical markers: Bcl2, CD 3, CD 4, CD 5, CD 7, CD 10, CD 20cy, CD 23, CD 43, and Ki67. Results: Fifteen patients  fulfilled the inclusion criteria and had a complete  follow-up. This included  3 males and 12 females with a mean age of 36.6 years at the start of the  study. The dominant  cell population was T lymphocytes. All T cells expressed  CD 3, CD 43, CD 5, and  Bcl-2. In  2 patient , CD 10 marker was positive in T cells. B cells were negative for activation marker CD 23, except for germinal center   dendritic   cells.  Due  to  the  limited  number   of patients  in the study, the power of the study would not allow for an analysis to assess correlation between histopathological data and prognosis. Conclusion: This pilot study was an attempt to discover any prognostic indices from the histopathological examination  of the resected  thymic tissue in the patients with myasthenia gravis. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/626 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/626/176

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 45 47 Masoud Mehrpour Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research (ICNR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Saeed Rezaali Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran. Narges Sadat Shams-Hosseini Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine AND Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Scuba divers work in high pressure conditions which may cause some changes in physiological status to adapt to this situation. In this study, the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was assessed in divers as a risk factor of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders. Methods: This historical cohort study was performed on 16 male professional scuba divers as case group and 30 healthy people as controls with age range of 26-66 years. CIMT of both carotids of supine participants was measured by a 10 MHz linear ultrasonic probe quantitatively. Relationship between experience of diving and carotid IMT was evaluated. Results: All the participants were males (mean age 42.9 ± 10.58. and for the control group was (47.05 ± 12.31 years). The mean right CIMT in divers and control group was 524.31 ± 149.40 and 443.66 ± 59.62 micrometer, respectively. Furthermore, the mean left CIMT in divers and control group was 624.57 ± 116.15 and 458.44 ± 49.56 micrometer, respectively. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that long-term occupational diving leads to increased intima-media thickness in scuba divers. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/625 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/625/177

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 48 49 Morteza Mahmoudi Department of Nanotechnology AND Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 #No Abstract# https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/624 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/624/178

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 50 51 Masoud Etemadifar Department of Neurology, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Noushin Mehrbod Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Leila Dehghani Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran. Aryan Golabbakhsh Medical Students' Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Mahboobeh Fereidan-Esfahani Medical Students' Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Mojtaba Akbari Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Zahra Nasr Medical Students' Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. 2015 10 14 No Abstract https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/623 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/623/179

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 1 2014 03 15 52 55 Alireza Sayadmansour Department of Philosophy, School of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 "Neurotheology" refers to the multidisciplinary field of scholarship that seeks to understand the relationship between the human brain and religion. In its initial development, neurotheology has been conceived in very broad terms relating to the intersection between religion and brain sciences in general. The author's main objective is to introduce neurotheology in general and provides a basis for more detailed scholarship from experts in theology, as well as in neuroscience and medicine. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/622 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/622/180