Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 1 8 Somayeh Baghizadeh Neurologist, Bouali Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Mohammad Ali Sahraian Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nahid Beladimoghadam Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Background: The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) evolves over many years. Its prognosis is highly variable among affected individuals, i.e. while some suffer from early severe disabilities, others remain ambulatory and functional for many years. We used Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSSS) and the new classification for MS severity Herbert et al. introduced in 2006 according to MSSS, to investigate some clinical and demographic factors as potential indicators of disease severity in in MS. Methods:During a six-month period, patients with definite MS according to the revised McDonald's criteria who referred to three neurology and MS clinics in Tehran (Iran) were included in the study. All patients were interviewed and examined by a neurology resident who had been trained for employing the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). For each patient, MSSS was determined by using EDSS and disease duration. Results: Overall, 338 (266 female and 72 male) patients were enrolled. Among demographic features, gender, younger age at onset, positive family history, and parental consanguinity were not associated with disease severity. Education was weakly associated with disease severity. Among clinical factors, presenting symptoms such as poly-symptomatic attacks, walking difficulty, and upper and lower extremity dysfunction were associated with more disability while presentation with optic neuritis had better prognosis. Complete recovery after the first attack, longer interval between the first and second attacks, lower number of symptoms at presentation, shorter duration of attacks, and relapsing-remitting course were associated with less disability and better prognosis. These results were noticed in ordinal logistic regression. However when multiple logistic regression was performed, the strongest determinant of disease severity was disease course with odds ratio (OR) = 49.12 for secondary progressive course and OR = 53.25 for primary progressive (± relapse) course. Walking difficulty as the presenting symptom had a borderline association with disease severity (OR = 2.31; P = 0.055). Increased number of onset symptoms was associated (but not significantly) with more severe disease. Conclusion: Early prediction of disease severity by demographic and clinical features is currently impossible. We need to determine stronger predictors, possibly a combination of demographic, clinical, biomarkers, and imaging findings. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/675 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/675/117

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 9 14 Mehdi Moghaddasi Department of Neurology, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mahbubeh Aghaei Department of Neurology, Rasool-e-Akram Hospital AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Background: We compared bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) on interferon with that of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) who were not receiving interferon and healthy age- and sex-matched controls. Methods:Overall, 30 patients with RRMS on interferon (treated patients), 30 patients with RRMS but not receiving interferon (untreated patients), and 30 healthy controls were enrolled. The subjects were matched for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity and nutritional habits (as possible), duration of illness, frequency of attacks, and the amount of corticosteroid therapy. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and proximal femur. The results of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were expressed as BMD (g/cm(2)), Z-scores, and T-scores. Results:Osteopenia in patients with RRMS was 61.7% in proximal femur and 53.3% in lumbar spine (vs. 53.3% and 40% in healthy controls, respectively). There was an inverse relationship between Expanded Disability Status Scale scores and lumbar and femoral BDM in the patients. In treated patients, there was an inverse relationship between the duration of interferon therapy and lumbar and femoral BDM. In untreated patients, there was a similar relation between the duration of the illness and BMD. Moreover, inverse relationships existed between the frequency of attacks and lumbar and femoral BDM in both treated and untreated groups. However, this association was only significant in the untreated group. Conclusion:Patients with MS showed reduced BMD in comparison with healthy controls. This reduction was related to the frequency of attacks. We also found lower BMD in untreated patients compared to interferon-treated patients. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/674 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/674/128

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 15 18 Anahid Safari Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Afshin Borhani-Haghighi Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Seyed Taghi Heydari Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran Kamran Bagheri Lankarani Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2015 10 14 Background:Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy usually after an incident. This study was performed to investigate the basic epidemiologic features of GBS in south of Iran. Methods:We studied consecutive patients with GBS in Nemazi Hospital of Shiraz, southern Iran. Demographic characteristics of the subjects, i.e. age, sex, and length of hospital stay were extracted. Information regarding yearly admissions for the entire hospital was also gathered. The prevalence of GBS per 10,000 hospital admissions was calculated and stratified by sex and year. Yearly prevalence was compared using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results:From January 2000 to December 2009, 389 (232 males and 157 females) patients with GBS were admitted in our center. The mean age of patients was 29.8 ± 23.0 years and their mean length of hospital stay was 12.9 ± 11.6 days. The overall mortality rate was 6%. The ratio of admissions due to GBS to the total admissions was significantly higher in 2009, the year of an influenza A (H1N1) virus pandemic. Conclusion:There appears to be an increase in the incidence of GBS in Shiraz. This is in parallel with the increasing trend of some other autoimmune diseases. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/673 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/673/129

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 19 22 Azin Ayatollahi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Mohajeri-Tehrani Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Shahriar Nafissi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease which can cause many disabilities for the patient. Recent data suggests that MS patients have higher risk for osteoporosis. This study was performed to investigate if the osteoporosis prevalence is higher in MS patients and to determine the possible factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD). Methods:51 definite relapsing-remitting MS patients according to McDonald's criteria (45 females, 6 males aged between 20 and 50 years) participated in this study. The control group included 407 females aged from 20 to 49 years; they were healthy and had no history of the diseases affecting bone metabolism. Femoral and lumbar BMD were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The disability of MS patients was evaluated by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results:The patient's quality of life was evaluated by the validated Persian version of multiple sclerosis impact scale (MSIS-29).Patients' mean age was 36 ± 3.3 years and their mean disease duration was 8.7 ± 1.7 years. The mean EDSS score and the mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients were 3 ± 0.9 and 23.5 ± 2.3 kg/m(2), respectively. 29% of the patients had never been treated by ß-interferon and 6% of them had not received glucocorticoids (GCs) pulses since their MS had been diagnosed. 26% of the patients had a history of fracture.18% of our patients were osteoporotic and 43% of them were osteopenic. Femoral BMD was significantly lower among MS patients than age matched controls (P < 0.001), but lumbar BMD showed no difference. There was no correlation between administration of GCs pulses, interferon and BMD; however, we found a significant correlation between EDSS score, quality of life (QoL), disease duration and BMD of both site. Conclusion:As a result of this study, bone loss inevitably occurs in MS patients.The major factor of BMD loss is immobility. Osteoporosis should be managed as part of MS patients' treatment protocols. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/672 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/672/130

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 23 27 Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi Assistant Professor, Geriatric Group, Sina Hospital AND Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, Obesity Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Abolhasani Assistant Professor, Sport Medicine Group, Sina Hospital AND Endocrine and Metabolic Research Center, Obesity Group, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alipasha Meysamie Associate Professor, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mansoureh Togha Professor, Department of Neurology, Sina Hospital AND Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 Background: Obesity seems to be associated to migraine headache. Increase in body fat, especially in gluteofemoral region, elevates adiponectin and leptin secretion which in turn impair inflammatory processes that could be contributing to migraine risk. This study was designed to assess the relationship between body composition and risk of migraine for the first time. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 1510 middle-aged women who were visited in a weight reduction clinic of university were recruited. Migraine was diagnosed with HIS criteria. Body composition parameters including total fat mass (FATM), total fat free mass (FFM), truncal fat mass (TFATM), and truncal fat free mass (TFFM) was assessed using bioelectric impedance. We further assessed cardiovascular risk factors and smoking as confounding factors. To determine the real association between different variables and risk of migraine, the associations were adjusted by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results:Elevation in fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, FFM, TFFM, and waist-to-hip ratio increased the risk of migraine. When the associations were adjusted for other factors, only the association between migraine and FFM remained statistically significant. Conclusion:Lower FFM increased the risk of migraine in overweight and obese individuals. In the other words, higher fat free mass could be a protective factor for migraine. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/671 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/671/131

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 28 29 Mahnaz Khajepour Physiatrist, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Alireza Ghazizadeh Ehsayei Department of Hematology and Oncology AND Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Salehi Assistant Professor, Department of surgery AND Aliebneabitaleb Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran Mansour Raygani Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation AND Shohada-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Darioush Eliaspour Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation AND Shohada-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 14 #No Abstract# https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/670 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/670/132

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 30 31 Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi Sina Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Omid Sanaei Department of Internal Medicine, North-Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Shirvan, Iran 2015 10 14 #No Abstract# https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/669 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/669/133

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 12 1 2013 03 15 32 34 Mohammad Hossein Harirchian Professor, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Somayeh Nasergivechi Professor, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Maddah Immunology, Allergy and Asthma Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alipasha Meysamie Associate Professor, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Homayoun Amini Associate Professor, Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Esmaelii Shandiz Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/587 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/587/215

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X 13 4 2014 12 15 241 244 Shahnaz Miri Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, NY, USA. Mohammad Rohani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mansoureh Vahdat Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Maryam Kashanian Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Akbar Abadi Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Elaheh Sariri Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Babak Zamani Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Gholam Ali Shahidi Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Rasool Akram Teaching Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2015 10 14 Background: Restless legs  syndrome  (RLS)  is the  most common movement disorder in pregnancy, which can be idiopathic  or secondary. There are  limited  comparative data  regarding  these  two forms of RLS.  The aim of this study was to compare  clinical features  of idiopathic  and secondary RLS in pregnant women. Methods: Over a period  of 3 months, 443 women  who admitted for delivery in two clinical centers were screened for RLS using four diagnostic  criteria of the  international RLS study group. A total of 79 subjects diagnosed with RLS were  consecutively  enrolled  in the  present  study.  All of them were interviewed for medical history and complaints during pregnancy  and responded to self-administer international RLS rating scale. Results: Ten subjects  (12.9%) out of 79 pregnant women with  RLS  had  idiopathic  form, and  their  mean  age  was significantly higher than patients  with secondary RLS (30.6 ± 7.3 years vs. 26.4 ± 4.6 years, P = 0.0260). Compared with women  with secondary  RLS, sleep duration  in pregnancy was   significantly   decreased   in   idiopathic   RLS   group (P = 0.0460), whereas RLS severity score was similar in both groups.  No significant difference  was observed  between  the  two  groups  in terms  of other  sleep  complaints, the positive family history of RLS, parity, duration of pregnancy, or frequency of cesarean section (P > 0.0500). Conclusion: Idiopathic and secondary RLS have relatively similar courses and features  during pregnancy. However, the  idiopathic  form may have more negative  impact  on sleep in pregnancy. Careful screening  and effective treatment of idiopathic RLS before pregnancy  is recommended to limit these disturbances. https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/view/586 https://ijnl.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijnl/article/download/586/216

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Current Journal of Neurology 2717-011X